Weekly Research Digest No. 001 (Oct 13, 2026)

Wed, 14 Oct 2026 14:59:20 +0000

55 papers.

In Pursuit of Ideal Data: Epistemic Enchantment and the Unintended Consequences of Datafying for Artificial Intelligence — Elmira van den Broek, Natalia Levina. Administrative Science Quarterly. The increasing datafication of work has become a pervasive theme within organizations, particularly with the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies that rely on data and machine learning to generate insights and decisions. Prior research has shown that datafication practices aimed at administrative control and accountability can transform organizations in profound and often unintended…
More Monitoring, Less Pay: Active Ownership and Employee Compensation — Claudine Gartenberg, Elaine Pak. Management Science. The rise of active owners—hedge funds and private equity firms—has raised questions about the influence of corporate owners on employee compensation. Prior research documents that active owners reduce overall compensation through workforce restructuring and slower wage growth. What remains unexplored is whether active owners also pay less for comparable work: whether they compensate the same…
Trading Off Business and Family Investments: Evidence from U.S. Entrepreneurial Households — Olivia S. Kim. Management Science. Investing in children’s human capital reduces business investments for U.S. entrepreneurial households. Using financial account data of 90,000 small businesses linked to their owners and a regression discontinuity design that compares the business performance of households with college-aged dependents (18–22) to those with near-college-aged dependents (14–17), I show that business revenues and…
Early Environmental Shocks and Organizational Reconfiguration in High-Growth Ventures — Sunasir Dutta, Pyung Nahm, Luis Adrian Rios. Organization Science. We study whether shocks from local natural disasters can leave durable organizational traces in young high-growth ventures. In principle, such firms may be relatively resilient to localized disruption because they are designed to scale beyond local markets and rely heavily on knowledge-based assets. We examine this possibility using a panel of 19,984 U.S. startups founded between 1985 and 2010…
When Data Scientists Meet Domain Experts: Artificial Intelligence, Epistemic Conflict, and Knowledge Transformation — Mayur Joshi, Ning Su, Mark Zbaracki. Organization Science. Predictive AI models developed by data scientists promise to transform organizational knowledge, yet in practice the predictions remain inscrutable to domain experts. Existing explanations situate the problems in the opacity of the AI tools, failed adoption, or jurisdictional conflict, but offer limited insight into how to make the knowledge accessible. Here we show how the problem emerges from…
When money isn't everything: Identifying stage‐based patterns of entrepreneurial resource acquisition — Esther Leibel, Denise Falchetti, Siobhan O'Mahony. Strategic Management Journal. Research Summary Scholars often examine how entrepreneurs' existing ties predict resource acquisition. We investigated the reverse: How does the act of pitching generate new ties with investors? Using the context of the Slow Money community, we analyzed social entrepreneurs' pitches to impact investors. Rather than identify a single strategy that benefited all firms, we found that…
Toward a Framework of Social Marginalization: An Integrative Review and Research Agenda — McKenzie Preston, Y. Lillian Kim. Academy of Management Annals. Despite a growing body of research on social marginalization in organizations, this scholarship remains fragmented across identity groups and disciplinary silos. As a result, organizational scholars lack a coherent framework to explain how marginalization persists and evolves across contexts. In this integrative review, we synthesize research from management, psychology, and sociology to develop…
How Can We Research Social Mobility in Entrepreneurship? — Elsa T. Chan, Steven A. Brieger, Ngoc Luu, Marii Paskov, Mirela Xheneti. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Social mobility is a central concern in contemporary societies, yet its dynamics within entrepreneurship remain insufficiently understood. This paper’s purpose is to facilitate research on entrepreneurial social mobility by making three key contributions: first, we examine the distinct conceptual and methodological challenges related to capturing social mobility in entrepreneurship and provide…
Transitional Path or Optimal State? Hybrid Entrepreneurship and the Decisions to Enter and Exit Entrepreneurship — Sandra Graf, Matthias Schulz. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Real-options-based research suggests that hybrid entrepreneurship serves as a transitional path to full-time entrepreneurship. Other theories posit that hybrid entrepreneurship is an optimal state. We refer to these opposing perspectives as the transition and state perspectives, respectively, and identify their differing implications. To this end, we examine how hybrid entrepreneurship…
Who will I be? Refugee entrepreneurship and founder identity — Eunki Ro, E. Erin Powell, Ted Baker. Journal of Business Venturing. We conducted a 27-month field study of 23 North Korean Defector (NKD) founders. Founders responded in three different ways to the disparaging default social identities they encountered by self-categorizing into three “avowed” social identities, which served as aspirations for how they would build their ventures. Founders generated sensemaking narratives that explained their behavior – to…
Co-founder selection from a marriage market perspective: How the dark triad shapes judgments of interpersonal attraction, resources, and equity demand — Yannick Nicolai Amend, Petrit Ademi, Matthew S. Wood, Monika Christine Schuhmacher. Journal of Business Venturing. Co-founder selection is a pivotal decision in new venture formation, yet how lead founders evaluate potential partners remains underexplored. Drawing on insights from marriage market theory, we conceptualize co-founder selection as an act of individuated judgment guided by cooperative logic and associated joint utility projection, wherein lead founders assess co-founder candidates based on…
From breakdown to breakthrough: How entrepreneurs craft vulnerability narratives on social media — Gabriella Cacciotti, Marianna Marino, Deniz Ucbasaran, Ali Ahmed. Journal of Business Venturing. Entrepreneurial narratives are widely understood as strategic tools for building legitimacy and mobilizing resources. Yet we observed that some entrepreneurs openly share stories of fear, doubt, and struggle on social media - foregrounding emotional exposure rather than demonstrating strategic purpose. We conceptualize these as entrepreneurial vulnerability narratives: a distinct narrative form…
Reframing Bricolage as a Way of Inhabiting the World: Beyond Scarcity and Innovation with Lévi‐Strauss — Raffi Duymedjian, Frank Janssen, Sophie Bacq, Guillaume Ferrante. Journal of Management Studies. This paper reframes the concept of bricolage by returning to its foundational roots in Claude Lévi‐Strauss's seminal 1962 work, The Savage Mind . By conducting a systematic review of entrepreneurial bricolage, which represents more than two thirds of management research on bricolage, alongside a close reading of Lévi‐Strauss, we uncover three core divergences regarding contexts, process, and…
New wine, old bottles? Effective strategies of new GenAI firms — Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, Xilan Zhang. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. Research Summary Blending insights from GenAI, strategic reasoning, and empirical grounding in five illustrative ventures, we contribute a theoretical framework for effective strategies of new GenAI firms. They face bifurcated uncertainty (i.e., high uncertainty of a nascent market, moderate uncertainty of a somewhat predictable technology trajectory) such that two complementary strategic logics…
Re‐thinking academic entrepreneurship: Micro, meso, and macro perspectives — Maribel Guerrero, Donald Siegel, Mirjam Knockaert, Phillip Phan, Miriam Erez. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. Research Summary We summarize and synthesize the papers contained in the special issue and use these studies to illustrate key micro, meso, and macro dimensions of academic entrepreneurship, where micro focuses on the scientist, meso is concerned with the university ecosystem, and macro refers to the broader entrepreneurial ecosystem. A key finding from our special issue is that routines,…
How ventures maintain stakeholder support amidst operational legitimacy threats — Alex Murray, Susan Cohen, Farhan Iqbal. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. Research Summary We explore how ventures mitigate operational legitimacy threats— threats that originate within the venture and challenge claims relating to the venture's ability to deliver on its promised value proposition . Through an inductive study of four ventures working to deliver their promised products following successful crowdfunding campaigns, we reveal a process of three rhetorical…
Knowing when to quit: experience, binding financial constraints, and withdrawal from new venture creation — Scott Shane. Small Business Economics. Why do people quit the startup process before a business is formed? We treat withdrawal from new venture creation as a test of Evans and Jovanovic’s (1989) model of liquidity constraints at the pre-entry margin. In the model, constraints bind when desired capital deployment exceeds what personal finances can support. We test three predictions with Entrepreneurship in the Population (EPOP) Survey…
High-growth firms and their habitats: Business climate and the geography of high-growth firms — Martin Andersson, Johan Karlsson, Johan P Larsson. Small Business Economics. We examine how the geography of entrepreneurial quality differs from the geography of entrepreneurial quantity by analyzing spatial variation in high-growth firms (HGFs) across Swedish municipalities during 2002–2022. Using longitudinal firm-level data matched to survey measures of local business climate, we compare the determinants of start-up rates and firm scaling. Standard supply- and…
Social Push and the Direction of Innovation — Elias Einiö, Josh Feng, Xavier Jaravel. American Economic Review. What are the implications of unequal access to innovation careers for the direction of innovation and inequality? Leveraging novel linked datasets in the United States and Finland, we document that innovators create products more likely to be purchased by consumers like them in terms of gender, socioeconomic status, and age. Homophily exists both within narrow product categories and across…
Racial Promotion Gaps — Deepak Hegde, Alexander Ljungqvist, Manav Raj. American Economic Review. We study racial disparities in promotions in a setting in which promotions are formulaic: the US patent office. Using detailed administrative data that allow us to observe who is eligible for promotion when, we document that Black patent examiners experience delays in promotions they are entitled to, slowing their climb to the top of the career ladder by a year and reducing career earnings by…
Knowledge Spillovers, Competition, and Individual Careers — Thomas Cornelissen, Christian Dustmann, Uta Schönberg. American Economic Review. Exposure to better peers in the workplace can influence career trajectories through two opposing channels: positively, via knowledge spillovers, and negatively, through competition for advancement. We disentangle these effects by studying untrained labor market entrants and distinguishing between coworkers in the same occupation with whom they are likely to compete versus those with whom they…
Generative AI and Firm Values — ANDREA L. EISFELDT, GREGOR SCHUBERT, MIAO BEN ZHANG, BLEDI TASKA. The Journal of Finance. How do recent advances in Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) affect firm value? We construct the first measure of firms' workforce exposures to Generative AI and show that an “Artificial‐Minus‐Human” portfolio earned 5% in the two weeks following the release of ChatGPT. The labor‐exposure effect is more pronounced for firms with greater data assets and is distinct from the effect of firms'…
Directing the Labor Market: Shared Directors and Employee Flows — Taylor A Begley, Peter Haslag, Daniel Weagley. The Review of Financial Studies. Using résumé data on over 20 million U.S. workers, we find that the flow of employees between a pair of firms sharply drops by about 20% during periods in which the firms share a board director. This relationship is stronger in settings where firms have greater potential gains from limiting worker mobility and is most pronounced for higher-skilled employees. Moreover, we find more connected…
The Contribution of International Master Students to Entrepreneurship in the World — Lilie Timricht. RePEc NEP: Entrepreneurship. We provide the first global empirical evidence on the relationship between international master’s education and entrepreneurship. Using large-scale longitudinal data from LinkedIn/Revelio, we document that international master’s graduates are systematically more likely than domestic graduates to create firms across the world’s leading destinations for international students. We further show how…
Behind the Scenes: Placemaking and Preferential Circulation in the Making of an Innovative Micro-Cluster (Off-Off-Broadway, 1958-1976) — Raphaël Suire. RePEc NEP: Entrepreneurship. While the geography of innovation is often studied at the level of city-regions, main conclusions provide only a partial account of the dynamics unfolding within cities. In this article, we examine how a set of proximate organizational sites located within a city comes to foster innovation. Specifically, we study how the placemaking practices of the entrepreneurs who originate these sites shape…
No Women No Innovation? The Effect of Women on Boards on Hard and Soft Innovation in SMEs — Giulio Ferrigno. RePEc NEP: Entrepreneurship. The role of women on corporate boards and its impact on innovation remains heavily debated. While existing literature offers conflicting perspectives on whether female board representation spurs or hinders innovaiton, most research has focused exlusively on large firms. This studt adresses this gap by investigating the causal impact of women on boards on both "hard" (technological) and "soft"…
Self-Employment and Regional Development in Disruptive Times - Germany 1895 - 2020 — Michael Wyrwich. RePEc NEP: Entrepreneurship. We examine the long-term relationship between historical levels of self-employment and economic performance in different regions of Germany. A particular distinction is made between West Germany and the eastern part of the country, that came after WWII for forty years under socialist regime. Regional self-employment rates exhibit high correlation over time periods exceeding a century. In West…
How Heavily Are PhD Students Offloading Their Scientific Writing to AI? Evidence from US STEM PhD Dissertations — Daniel Gross, Dror Shvadron, Hansen Zhang. NBER Working Papers. Large language models are diffusing rapidly into science, raising concerns that delegating research writing to AI may undermine the development of expertise that scientific training is supposed to build.We measure AI-generated writing in the dissertations of a near-census of US STEM PhD graduates from 2019 to 2026 and link graduates to their subsequent employment.AI writing is absent before…
The Early Impacts of AI on Employment among Recent College Graduates — Robert Fairlie, Jane Wu. NBER Working Papers. The impact of AI on the employment prospects of recent college graduates is hotly debated with no consensus on the magnitude of impacts nor even the timing of those potential impacts.Using CPS microdata, we provide the first estimates of the effects of AI on the unemployment of recent college graduates in June, July and August 2026.We provide evidence suggesting that unemployment rates are…
Like a Good Neighbor: Childhood Neighbors Influence Occupation Choice — Michael Andrews, Ryan Hill, Joseph Price, Riley Wilson. NBER Working Papers. Occupation choice is a key determinant of economic mobility.This paper studies how childhood neighbors influence occupational choices and later-life earnings.Using linked historical U.S. census records for over six million boys and four million girls, we reconstruct neighborhood microgeography to identify childhood neighbors and their occupations.We find that living next door to someone in a…
Taxing Entrepreneurial Wealth: Evidence from Norway, 2021–2025 — Marius Ring. NBER Working Papers. Whether imposing higher taxes on business owners adversely affects business activity by constraining investment and inducing capitalist flight is a central question in the ongoing debate on how to tax the ultra wealthy.To shed new light, I exploit a series of related Norwegian reforms during 2021-2024 that increased dividend tax rates, removed migration-related capital gains tax loopholes, and…
What Can (and Cannot) Be Learned about Systemic Racial Discrimination from Randomized Controlled Trials? — Dania Francis, Rob Gillezeau, Damon Jones, Angelino Viceisza. NBER Working Papers.
Too Late to Prune: Generative AI, the Screen, and Team Creative Decisions — Difang Huang, Shumin Yu, Fadong Chen, Weihua Zhou. arXiv econ.GN. Generative AI makes options cheap and shifts the bottleneck of creative work from generating options to screening them. We argue that AI's value depends on whether its options arrive before or after the team's screen. In our model, early options compete for a place in the portfolio; late options arrive after that competition and are kept unscreened. In a preregistered experiment, we randomly…
Displacement Is Endogenous: AI Workers in a Search-and-Matching Labor Market — Ibrahim Denis Fofanah. arXiv econ.GN. We build a labor market in which AI systems enter as workers: they apply for jobs, pass screenings, get hired, and get dismissed, alongside humans. Firms post vacancies, workers search with friction, and product demand slopes downward. Across 30 seeded runs per configuration, AI entry at 70% of the human wage raises unemployment by 4.1 percentage points (95% CI 3.5 to 4.6) and leaves 12.2 fewer…
Maintaining Human Verification Capacity under Automation — Li Gan, Eric Gan. arXiv econ.GN. Human verification depends on expertise that must be maintained before it is needed. This paper links reliance on automated checks, investment in human checking ability, and performance during an interruption. Better checking lowers the error reduction gained from an extra unit of human skill while the checker works. It can therefore reduce the incentive to preserve independent expertise, even…
Right Order, Wrong Scale: Auditing LLM Judges for Occupational AI Measurement — Harry Lyu, Neil Thompson. arXiv cs.AI. LLM judges are increasingly used to assess whether AI outputs meet workplace requirements, but agreement on response rankings does not establish agreement on acceptance rates or occupational aggregates. We introduce O*NET-BENCH, an audit suite derived from an existing survey of 45,796 worker ratings, and evaluate 33 pre-existing judge configurations across six model families on 4,501 test…
The Gendered Impacts of Perceived Skin Tone: Evidence from African American Siblings in 1870-1940 — Ran Abramitzky, Jacob Conway, Roy Mill, Luke C. D. Stein. arXiv econ.GN. We study differences in economic outcomes by perceived skin tone among African Americans using full-count U.S. decennial census data from the late-19th and early-20th centuries. Comparing children coded as "Black" or "Mulatto" by census enumerators and linking these children across population censuses, we first document large gaps in educational attainment and income among African Americans with…
Understanding Interfirm AI Talent Flow Networks through Online Professional Profiles — Donghang Li, Yunhan Zheng, Alok Prakash, Shenhao Wang, Jinhua Zhao. arXiv cs.SI. Artificial intelligence capabilities are often measured as resources accumulated within firms, yet they also circulate across organizational boundaries through worker mobility. Drawing on a database of approximately 535 million employment records across 58 countries, we reconstruct the inter-firm network of AI talent flows over 2010--2022. We find that AI talent inflows are becoming increasingly…
Occupational class inequality in non-monetary job quality in Europe, 1995-2024 — Edvin Syk. SocArXiv. Occupational class is central to research on inequality, but we have limited knowledge about how it structures non-monetary job quality across countries and over time. We examine four dimensions of job quality—autonomy, physical working conditions, work intensity, and work time quality—across eight occupational classes in 14 European countries from 1995 to 2024, using the European Working…
Self-Employment in Mothers’ Careers After First Birth: A Comparison of South Korea and the United States — Wonjeong Jeong. SocArXiv. Upon parenthood, women face pressure to reorganize their paid work and careers. In this process, self-employment can offer a distinct option, with a different set of risks and benefits than wage work. Yet research on mothers’ employment trajectories rarely examines self-employment as a distinct option. This paper examines how self-employment fits into mothers’ careers after their first birth and…
A Productivity Fixated World in the Age of AI: Investigating The Purpose of Human Art — Bruce Tan. SocArXiv. Modern society increasingly prioritizes final products over the creative process, a trend exacerbated by the rapid adoption of generative AI. This study aims to explore the impact of AI integration into the creative process on subjective well-being and fulfillment, and to determine whether these effects differ between individuals creating for leisure versus those creating for a profession.…
Corporate Hierarchy — Michael Ewens, Xavier Giroud. SocArXiv. We introduce a novel measure of corporate hierarchy for 3,454 U.S. public firms. We construct this measure using online resumes of 18.1 million employees and a network estimation technique that allows us to identify hierarchical layers. Equipped with this measure, we document several facts about corporate hierarchies. Firms have on average six hierarchical layers and a pyramidal organizational…
Gender and long-term trends in educational attainment, income and returns to education in Norway — Liza Reisel, Adrian F. Rogne, Sara Seehuus. SocArXiv. This study addresses the economic returns to education among men and women in Norway, during five decades of changing and widening gender disparities in educational attainment. We ask how gender differences in educational attainment and returns have contributed to change and persistence in the gender income gap, and whether young men have started trailing behind due to women’s relative gains in…
How is Social Status Distributed? A Conjoint Experiment on Social Status Judgements in Great Britain — Jonathan Mellon, Jack Bailey, Geoffrey Evans. SocArXiv. Social status is a core aspect of societal inequalities, yet its determinants and distribution remain understudied. We investigate the factors that shape social status judgments in Great Britain using a conjoint survey experiment with 7,680 respondents making 30,720 status assessments. Drawing on the extant literature, we test economic (occupation, income, wealth, education), cultural (leisure…
Immigrant wages are lower in immigrant-dense areas, and the limited-English differential is mostly occupational: metropolitan Philadelphia, 2012–2024 — Hebe Liu. SocArXiv. Immigrants who speak limited English earn less than those who speak it well. On the protective view of residential concentration, that differential should be smaller where immigrants are concentrated, because concentration supplies employers and customers who do not require English. On the isolation view it should be larger. This study tests both views in metropolitan Philadelphia, a former…
Social Networks and Unequal Income Returns to Education: Gender Differences and Cross-National Context — Emmi Mäkeläinen, Aki Koivula. SocArXiv. This study examines how social networks are associated with unequal income returns to education and whether these associations vary by gender and across national contexts. Using data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 2017 from representative samples in 15 countries, the study analyses the interrelations between educational attainment, social ties, and personal income. The…
"I don't give a shit anymore" – Future-Oriented Career Agency and Precarity at the Postdoc Stage — Julian Hamann, Kathia Serrano Velarde, Tim Fenkner, Jonas Gottschalk-Rayling, Sven Boniger, Michi Hügel. SocArXiv. This paper examines how postdoctoral researchers navigate precarious employment conditions and claim career agency during an uncertain career stage. Drawing on a longitudinal qualitative interview panel of 35 postdocs from particle physics and modern history, the study distinguishes between two forms of agency: empowered strategizing and restricted drifting. Strategizing postdocs actively align…
AI Systems for Filmmaking: A Survey of HCI Research from a Labor-Centered Perspective — YUYING TANG, Lin Gao, Haotian Li, Baiqiao Zhang, Rebecca Fiebrink, Sebastian Deterding, Xiaojuan Ma, Huamin Qu. SocArXiv. Artificial intelligence is integrated into filmmaking and has attracted attention in human-computer interaction (HCI). Existing studies have primarily characterized AI systems for filmmaking by their capabilities and supported tasks, with limited attention to the organisation of filmmaking labor during system use. We review 31 HCI system papers and develop a three-layer taxonomy of labor sites,…
Larger, younger, faster, harder: expansion, transformation, and inequality in YouTube’s creator economy (2019–2026) — Bernhard Rieder, Adrian Padilla, Ariadna Matamoros-Fernández, Òscar Coromina. SocArXiv. The growth of YouTube's creator economy raises a question that accounts of individual success and precarity cannot settle: how are the conditions of participation changing across the platform? Comparing two population-scale crawls from 2019 and 2026, we examine expansion, changes in production, and the distribution of attention across millions of channels. The population above the…
Social Origin and the Baccalauréat: Curriculum, Sex, Teachers and Sector in French Upper-Secondary Schools, 2017–2023 — Adrien Dufour. SocArXiv. 2022–23, an index of the social composition of each school’s pupils. We use these sources, combined into a panel of 2,394 general and technological lycées observed over the seven sessions from 2017 to 2023, to ask how far social origin still determines what pupils obtain at the end of secondary school, and through which parts of the system that determination passes. At national level, passing…
Unequal Parenting across Childhood: How Class Differences in Parental Control of Screen Use Reverse with the Child's Age — Abel Aussant, Andreas Roaldsnes. SocArXiv. Research usually treats class differences in parenting style as constant throughout childhood. We show instead that they can reverse with the child's age. Our case is parental control of children's screen use, for which expert advice is restrictive when children are young and divided when they are adolescents. We draw on an original survey of 20,670 Norwegian households with children aged 3 to…
When My Skill Becomes Agent Skill: How Knowledge Workers Share Their Expertise with AI Systems — Tianqi Song, Zicheng Zhu, Hancheng Cao, Yi-Chieh Lee. arXiv cs.HC. Organizations have long sought to make workers' expertise reusable by others. Agentic AI changes the nature of such reuse by enabling AI systems to act on workers' knowledge with limited human involvement. This raises the question of how this shift shapes workers' willingness to share their expertise. We conducted an experiment with knowledge workers who created materials incorporating domain…
Impact of Expertise and Trust on AI-assisted Work — Qianou Ma, Pranav Khape, Rock Pang, Ken Koedinger, Tongshuang Wu, Siddarth Suri, Shamsi Iqbal. arXiv cs.HC. Artificial intelligence (AI) agents promise to extend what users can accomplish beyond their existing expertise, but they also raise the risk of producing plausible-looking work that users may struggle to evaluate. We ask how task-relevant expertise and trust in AI shape agent-assisted work. To isolate these factors, we conduct a think-aloud study in which 20 professionals with varying…
How People Use ChatGPT: Conversation-Level Evidence from India, Nigeria, Brazil, and Pakistan — Shreyasi Roy Chowdhury, Kiran Garimella. arXiv cs.CY. Public understanding of how people use LLM-based conversational AI assistants comes primarily from aggregate platform reports by OpenAI and Anthropic, which apply fixed taxonomies and inferred demographics to hundreds of millions of users and release only summary statistics that outside researchers cannot re-analyze. We provide a complementary, conversation-level view: complete ChatGPT exports…
Navigating the Changing Landscape of Online Knowledge Consumption and Production in the Age of Generative AI: Evidence from Stack Overflow — Ji Eun Kim, Léa Vitale, Libby Hemphill, Yulin Yu. arXiv cs.CY. Online knowledge communities rely on a division of epistemic labor between users who seek information and those who produce it. Generative AI may blur these roles, but how it reallocates knowledge-seeking and knowledge-producing activities and reshapes the nature and returns of participation remains unclear. We examine changes in question-asking and answering among Stack Overflow user groups,…